Undergraduate Courses in Biological Sciences, continued

131 Topics in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (2 to 4). Studies in selected areas of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

132 Muscles and Movement (4). Lecture, three hours. Structure and function of muscle, from molecular mechanisms of movement through mechanical power output, efficiency, and the effects of training on muscle size and performance. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in or completion of Biological Sciences 109.

133A Magnetic Resonance in Biology (4). Lecture, three hours. Basic principles of magnetic resonance. Survey of applications in biology including: protein and nucleic acid structure determination and dynamics, electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98, Mathematics 2B, and upper-division standing. Concurrent with Molecular Biology 211.

134 Plant Physiology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Plant hormones, growth and development, metabolism, mineral nutrition, and photosynthesis. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 15 or consent of instructor.

134X Writing/Plant Physiology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 134. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 134. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 134. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 107, consent of instructor, and satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.

135 Molecular Evolution (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the study of evolutionary change in genes and DNA sequences. Combines study of molecular biology with the study of evolution. Molecular evolution has application to many disciplines, including molecular biology, virology, systematics, and the origin of life. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106.

136A Human Anatomy (4). Presents a systems approach to the analysis of human structure. Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ system levels of structure and organization are integrated throughout. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.

137 Genetics

137A Microbial Genetics (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and 98. Recommended: concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 99.

137B Eukaryotic and Human Genetics (4) F. Lecture, four hours. Structure and function of genes in eukaryotes with emphasis on special problems of genetic studies in humans. Molecular methods of genetic analysis and gene transfer are discussed. Practical applications and ethical and social issues raised by genetic studies are addressed. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97. Recommended: Biological Sciences 99.

138 Comparative Animal Physiology (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Maintenance aspects of physiology: water balance; feeding and digestion; metabolism; respiration and circulation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 109.

139 Topics in Developmental and Cell Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of developmental and cell biology. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 103; limited to School of Biological Sciences majors with upper-division standing. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

140 Macromolecular Structure, Function, and Interaction (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Chemistry of macromolecules; emphasis on proteins. Physical and chemical properties of proteins, forces that maintain protein structure, relationship between structure and function, interactions of proteins with ligands and other macromolecules, and experimental methods to study structure, function, and interactions. Corequisite: Chemistry 130A or 131A. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98 and 99. Concurrent with Molecular Biology 240.

141 Cell Signaling in Development (4) S. Introduction to the general principles of cell signaling, with emphasis on its role in animal development. Topics include: hormone receptor interactions, G-protein linked signaling, enzyme linked cell surface receptors, growth factor signaling in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 104.

141X Writing/Cell Signaling in Development (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 141. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 141. Satisfies the upper-division writing breadth requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 141. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108; consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.

142 Writing/Philosophy of Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Philosophy of biology, e.g., scientific method in biology, the structure of evolutionary theory, teleology, ethics, and evolution. Course work includes one 4,000-word and four 1,000-word papers. Prerequisite: satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement. Same as Philosophy 142 and Logic and Philosophy of Science 142.

143 Human Parasitology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to human-animal diseases including protozoan, worm, and insect infections. Focus is on diagnosis, epidemiology, immunology, pathology, and treatment of parasitic infection. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor.

143X Writing/Human Parasitology (2) W. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 143. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 143. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 143. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 109 and consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.

144 Cell Biology. Taught jointly by faculty from the Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Designed to present fundamental as well as advanced concepts in modern molecular cell biology.

144A Cell Organelles and Membranes (4) F. Lecture, three hours. Structure, function, and biogenesis of biological membranes and membrane-bound organelles; protein trafficking and transmembrane signaling. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 103.

144B Advanced Cell Biology (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Plasma membrane and cytoskeletal-mediated events. Topics include: endocytosis, receptor-ligand interactions, the biochemical basis of growth control, cell structure and motility, and cell-cell, cell matrix interactions. The biochemistry and molecular aspects of these topics are emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 103.

144X Writing/Plant Molecular Biology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 144C. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from material covered in Biological Sciences 144C. Satisfies upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 144C. Prerequisites: consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.

145A Eukaryotic Genes (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Molecular organization of eukaryotic genes and the molecular mechanisms which regulate their expression. Topics include developmentally regulated genes, tissue-specific gene expression, multigene families, oncogenes, gene transposition, and recombinant gene cloning. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.

145B Genomics and Proteomics (4). Lecture, three hours. Focuses on the applications of genomics and proteomics to problems in genetics, cell, and developmental biology. Students gain a comprehensive understanding of the techniques currently used for genomics analysis and how best to apply these tools to solve research problems. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97, 98, 99.

146 Neural Mechanisms of Arousal and Attention (4). Lecture, three hours. A focus on brain mechanisms within thalamic and neocortical circuits that underlie changes in arousal and attention. Examines the integrated actions of cellular, synaptic, and other neural mechanisms identified in preparations ranging from isolated single neurons to behaving animals. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

147 Plant Molecular Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Presents the molecular mechanisms of plant growth and development. Topics considered include: the identification of genes regulating cell division, growth, and morphogenesis; control of gene expression by external and internal factors; plant transformation mechanisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 105.

148 Developmental Biology (4) W, S. Lecture, three hours. Development of animal embryos from a fertilized egg to a functioning organism. Topics include reproduction, body-axis formation, organogenesis, growth, and differentiation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 104.

148X Writing/Vertebrate Embryology (2) S. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 148. Satisfies the upper-division writing breadth requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 148. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108, consent of instructor, and satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.

149 Development, Injury, and Repair of the Nervous System (4) F. Lecture, three hours. The formation of the nervous system including neurogenesis, trophic factors, cell death, and formation of nerve connections. Damage to the brain and spinal cord from injury and disease and experimental strategies for repair. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

150 Conservation Biology (3) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Considers conservation of animal and plant endangered species. Examines current trends in deforestation, environmental degradation, natural and induced extinctions, principles of preserve design and management, legislation, conservation genetics and ex situ methods of conservation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97.

152 Topics in Neurobiology and Behavior (2 to 4). Lecture, three hours. Studies in selected areas of neurobiology and behavior. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

153 Neuropharmacology (4). Lecture, three hours. Survey of neurotransmitter systems, focusing on how transmitters are made, how they interact with their receptors, and how drugs can influence these processes to alter neural function and behavior. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

154 Molecular Neurobiology (4). Lecture, three hours. Nature and actions of genes and gene products that regulate the functioning of the nervous system and its interaction with muscles. Topics include: neural control of gene expression; genetics and molecular biology of neural and neuromuscular diseases; gene therapies for neural disorders. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

155A Physiology in Extreme Environments (4) F of odd years. Lecture, three hours. An in-depth look at the physiological mechanisms that allow animals to live and survive in extreme environments. Physiological responses to high altitude, diving, microgravity, deserts, and extreme cold are examined. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 109 and Physics 3A.

156A-B-C Neuroscience: Fundamental Concepts and Current Applications (2-2-2) F, W, S. Lecture, two hours. In-depth exploration of the intellectual tools used to create, advance, and disseminate knowledge about the nervous system. Develops analytical, reasoning, and communication skills by exploring fundamental issues of data interpretation in cellular, molecular, systems, and behavioral analyses of brain function. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

157 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (6) W. Lecture, three hours; laboratory, six hours. Structure and evolution of the major organ systems in vertebrates, from fish to mammals. Laboratory work includes detailed dissection of a shark and cat. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108 or 109.

158 Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (4). Lecture, three hours. How the brain and behavior change as a result of experience, with an emphasis on identifying the neurochemical processes through which memory is stored and the parts of the brain that are involved. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 35 or 110. Same as Psychology 162A.

159 Animal Behavior (4). Lecture, three hours. Explores why animals behave the way they do from both evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Considers selective pressures and evolutionary constraints that shape animal behavior and the underlying neural and hormonal mechanisms by using examples such as why dogs bark, why some birds migrate. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

160 Language and the Brain (4). Lecture, three hours. Analysis of current research on the biological bases of human linguistic capacity. Development, focusing on hemispheric specialization and plasticity; localization of specific linguistic functions in adults, with emphasis on study of aphasias; relation of linguistic capacity to general cognitive capacity, considering research on retardation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 35 or 110, or consent of instructor. Same as Psychology 161 and Linguistics 158.

161 Cellular Neurophysiology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the biophysical mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of signals within and between nerve cells. Emphasizes the roles of ion channels in generating resting and action potentials, the mechanisms of quantal neurotransmitter release, and the ionic conductances involved in synaptic transmission. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

162A Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity (4). Lecture, three hours. The mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and of host resistance to viruses are explored in detail. HIV-1 and Influenza-A are used as examples. In each case, viral replication, cytopathic effects, immune response, and viral evasion are discussed. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 121, 124, or consent of instructor; Biological Sciences 122 recommended.

163 Endocrinology, Neuroendocrinology, and Behavior (4). Lecture, three hours. Survey of the hormones secreted by the endocrine system, their physiological effects, and their mechanisms of action, followed by consideration of how the endocrine and nervous systems interact to regulate each other and behavior. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

164 Functional Neuroanatomy (4). Lecture, three hours. How neuroscience uses tools of many disciplines, from imaging to behavior, to develop and test hypotheses about functions of specific parts of the brain. Basic organization of nerve cells and vertebrate nervous system; methods of visualizing nerve cells; neural connections, neural activity patterns. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

165A Seminar in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2) F, W, S. Seminar, one and one-half hours. Invited speakers, graduate students, and faculty present current research in ecology and evolutionary biology. Pass/Not Pass only. Open only to upper-division Ecology and Evolutionary Biology majors. Concurrent with Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 201.

167 Plant Population Biology (4) F of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Current topics in plant population biology are reviewed in an ecological and evolutionary context. Topics include aspects of population genetics, population ecology, evolutionary ecology, and applications to conservation biology. Discussions of current literature. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97, 100L, and 106.

168 Advanced Evolutionary Biology (4) F. Lecture, three hours. An examination of the major mechanisms of evolution. Topics include population and quantitative genetics theory, genetic basis of adaptation, the neutral theory of evolution, the evolution of sex, life-history evolution, coevolution, speciation, and mass extinctions. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106.

169 Topics in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of ecology and evolutionary biology. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

171 Neurobiology of Transmitter Receptors (4). Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the use of frog oocytes as a model system for studies in neurobiology. Transplantation of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-operated ion channels from the brain into oocytes. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 or 110 and consent of instructor.

172 Systematics and Evolution of Flowering Plants (5) S of even years. Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours; two required weekend field trips. Basic systematic concepts including computer analysis of phylogenies, introduction to major groups of flowering plants, analysis of evolutionary significance of characters used in systematic studies. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 94 and 106.

173 Comparative Biochemistry (4) W of even years. Lecture, three hours. Subcellular mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environments: temperature, pressure, osmotic stress, hypoxia. Protein structure and function differences, membrane properties, cellular homeostasis. Evolution of metabolic responses to environmental stress. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 109.

174 Behavioral Ecology (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, two hours. Animal behavior as an evolutionary solution to problems encountered during an animal's life cycle. Includes a broad comparative approach to communication, social behavior, habitat selection, and food finding. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106 or consent of instructor.

175 Restoration Ecology (4) F. Lecture, two hours; field work, two hours. Theoretical and practical aspects of habitat restoration and mitigation. Design, implementation, and monitoring of restoration projects in local habitats. Collection of seed and cuttings, planting and maintenance presented. Control of exotics in natural areas discussed. Environmental ethics of restoration emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106.

176 Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Ecology and evolution of host-parasite relationships. Ecological factors that influence the spread of disease, genetics of resistance and virulence, and significance of cellular parasites in genomic evolution. Emphasis on conceptual issues with examples from many different organisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97.

177 Topics in Cortical Plasticity (4). Focuses on neural mechanisms that underlie cortical plasticity. These include neurophysiological, pharmacological, anatomical, and developmental mechanisms that act at the synaptic, cellular, and system (population of neurons) levels. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.

178 Ocean Ecology (4) W of even years. Examines the relationships between physical processes in the ocean, biological productivity, and the exploitation of ocean resources by high-trophic-level predators, including humans. Discusses open ocean ecosystems, intertidal and benthic regions of the world ocean. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.

179 Limnology and Freshwater Biology (4) F of odd years. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Biology of freshwater environments: lakes, ponds, rivers, their biota, and the factors which influence distribution of organisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.

179L Limnology and Freshwater Biology Laboratory (4) W. Analytical techniques for common water-quality variables of lakes, streams, rivers. Benthic fauna, vertebrates and invertebrates, algae, and aquatic plants. Emphasis on field methods with an experimental approach; laboratory exercises. Weekend field trips to estuaries, marshes, lakes, and streams. Prerequisite: concurrent or previous enrollment in Biological Sciences 179.

180 Fractal Geometry in Biology (4) F. Lecture, two hours; discussion, one hour. Fractal geometry explored with tools and interests of the biologist. Provides a general background of fractal geometry and investigates the types of biological processes that generate fractals. Prerequisites: completion of the Biological Sciences Core, Physics 3A, and Mathematics 2B.

181 Conservation in the American West (4) W of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Critical examination of contemporary conservation issues in the American west, with particular attention to water in California, grazing on public lands, and species decline and extinctions. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106.

182 Vision (4). Visual perception and the anatomy and physiology of the visual system. Topics include: the retina and the visual pathway; visual sensitivity; color vision; spatial vision; motion perception; and the development of the visual system. Same as Psychology 131A. Psychology 130A may not be taken for credit if taken after Biological Sciences 182.

183 The Comparative Physiology of Exercise (4) F of even years. Lecture, three hours. Focus upon critical topics in the area of exercise biology using the comparative physiological approach. Specifically examine the physiological factors that limit the capacity of an organism to sustain high levels of aerobic metabolism. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98, 108, 109.

184 Entomology (4) F of even years. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Central features of the Insecta are reviewed in an evolutionary and ecological context. Topics include external and internal morphology, systematic relationships among the insect orders, insects in ecological communities, and the impact of agricultural and medical pests. Field trips. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106.

185 Plant-Animal Interactions (4) W of even years. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Ecology and evolution of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals. Topics include pollinator behavior, plant reproductive systems, plant defense mechanisms, and herbivore diet choice. Field-oriented laboratory. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97, 106.

186 Population and Community Ecology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Population structure, function, development, and evolution. Topics include population structure, population growth and regulation, population dispersion patterns, life history strategies, predation, competition, mutualism, species diversity, succession, island biogeography, and co-evolution. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 106.

187 Developmental Genetics (4) W of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Advanced course on the use of genetic analysis to identify the genes that control cell behavior and development. Instructor-led discussion of genetics and the relationship between genotype and phenotype followed by student-led discussion based on assigned readings. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 137B.

188 Introduction to Insect Physiology (4) W of even years. Lecture, three hours. Physiology of insects. Insect respiration, digestion, excretion, and neurobiology, including sensory systems and effectors. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108 and 109.

189 Environmental Ethics (4) W. Lecture, three hours. History of evolution of environmental ethics in America. Management problems in national parks, wilderness areas, wild and scenic rivers, national forests. Contemporary and historical aspects/contributors to the field. Mitigation, endangered species, habitat restoration, biodiversity, and environmental activism. Field trips required. Prerequisite: upper-division standing.

Seminars and Special Courses

191A-B Senior Seminar on Global Sustainability I, II (2-2) F, W. Students attend weekly seminar to discuss current issues in global sustainability. Weekly attendance at Global Sustainability Forum also is required. Seminar utilized to analyze forum presentations. A: Prepare bibliography. B: Prepare research proposal. In-progress grading for 191A-B, grade for sequence given upon completion of 191C. Prerequisites: senior standing, Biological Sciences 65, Environmental Analysis and Design E20, and Earth System Science 10. Same as Earth System Science 190A-B and Social Ecology 186A-B.

191C Writing/Senior Seminar on Global Sustainability III (4) S. Students attend weekly seminar to discuss current issues in global sustainability. Weekly attendance at Global Sustainability Forum also is required. Seminar utilized to analyze forum presentations and to prepare senior research paper. Prepare/write research paper under the direction of a faculty member. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 191A-B and satisfaction of the lower-division writing requirement. Same as Earth System Science 190C and Social Ecology 186C.

192 Tutoring in Biology (2). Enrollment limited to participants in the Biological Sciences Peer Tutoring Program. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. May be repeated. No more than eight units earned in this course may be counted toward the 180 units required for graduation. Satisfies no degree requirement other than contribution to the 180-unit total. Formerly Biological Sciences 92 sec. 2.

193 Research Writing for Biological Science Majors (4). Under the guidance of selected faculty in the School of Biological Sciences and a writing professional, students learn to conduct library research in the field of biology and to write scientific review papers. Prerequisite: upper-division Biological Sciences major.

194 Current Topics in Biology (1) F, W, S. A seminar designed to discuss recent research findings and experimental issues in biology. Meets once each week for one hour. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 199.

194S Safety and Ethics for Research (1) F, W, S. Introduces students to the concepts, techniques, and ethics involved in biological sciences laboratory work. Pass/Not Pass only.

H195 Honors Seminar in Biological Sciences (1) W. Seminar. Contemporary research problems in biological sciences. Participating students and faculty present their research findings as well as examine and discuss research in related fields. Writing instruction for participation in Excellence in Research takes place during required workshops in the fall quarter. Limited to students in the Biological Sciences Honors Program.

196 Writing for Biology Research (4) W. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, two hours. A science writing and critical reasoning course to be taken the quarter prior to participation in the Excellence in Research Program. Students work in a computer laboratory with full access to writing, library, and network resources and prepare and review a formal scientific paper. Prerequisites: two quarters of Biological Sciences 199; satisfaction of the lower-division writing requirement. Enrollment preference given to students who have taken two or more quarters of Biological Sciences 197.

198 Directed Group Studies (1 to 5) F, W, S. Small group experimental laboratory or fieldwork performed under the influence of a faculty member. Prior to beginning group studies, each student must submit an abstract which must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office and renewed yearly, if applicable. A Summary Report must be submitted at the end of each quarter. May be graded In Progress. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 194S and consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times.

Independent Study

Independent-study credit for undergraduates is limited to five units per quarter.

197A-B-C Special Study in Biological Sciences (1 to 4 per quarter) F, W, S. Tutorial, one to four hours. Library research, tutorial, and other independent projects under individual professors. Individualized instruction dealing with conceptual or theoretical problems in the biological sciences, rather than technical problems. Regularly scheduled meetings between student and faculty member and successful completion of a written report. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. An abstract form must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. May be graded "IP." May be repeated for credit.

199A-B-C Independent Study in Biological Sciences Research (1 to 5 per quarter) F, W, S. Individual experimental laboratory or field research under a professor's direction. Required for participation in the Excellence in Research Program. Further information and a booklet describing many prospective projects are available in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. An abstract form must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. May be graded "IP." May be repeated for credit.