Undergraduate Courses in Biological Sciences, continued

UPPER-DIVISION ELECTIVES

DEVELOPMENTAL AND CELL BIOLOGY

D113 Genetics Majors Seminar (1) W. Seminar, one hour. Genetics majors attend a weekly seminar to discuss current research techniques and career opportunities in the field. Students have the opportunity to present their own independent research. Open to Genetics majors only. May be taken for credit two times.

D114 Developmental and Cell Biology Majors Seminar (1) S. Seminar, one hour. Developmental and Cell Biology majors attend a weekly seminar to discuss current research techniques and career opportunities in the field. Students have the opportunity to present their own independent research. Open to Developmental and Cell Biology majors only. May be taken for credit two times.

D115 Molecular Motors and the Cytoskeleton (4). Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Cells use nano-machines (molecular motors) to organize themselves and transport cargo. This interdisciplinary course studies these motors and the rails they move along. Examines their biological function and how they function at the single-molecule level as machines. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D103 or consent of instructor. Concurrent with Developmental and Cell Biology 205.

D116 Human Reproduction and Development PBL Course (4) Summer. Lecture, six hours. Focuses on human reproductive biology and in utero human development. Taught in a problem-based learning (PBL) format focused on the biological, social, economic, and ethical implications of specific clinical cases. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 93, 94, 97, 98, and 99, or equivalent.

D124 Biology of Integrative Medicine (4). Lecture, three hours. Presentation of biological principles and the latest clinical and basic research on complementary and alternative therapies (e.g., mind-body medicine, energy medicine, herbal medicine, acupuncture, manipulative therapies) and their integration with Western medicine. Lectures supplemented by demonstrations and hands-on learning sessions. Only one course from Biological Sciences D124, 9J, and 9N may be taken for credit.

D126 Systems Biology of Human Disorders (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Introduces human pathophysiology using a systems biology perspective. Focuses on the proper regulation of human systems, and the dire consequences of loss of regulation. The goal is to impart an "engineering" mind-set to understand human disorders. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 or Engineering BME50A-B and Mathematics 2A-B.

D129 Biotechnology and Plant Breeding (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Synopsis of conventional plant breeding techniques, their limitations, and supplementations through modern biotechnology. These new biotechnological methods include steps such as cloning, cell transformation (genetic engineering), and cell fusion. Focuses on crop improvement, the state of the art in animal and human systems, and the impact of gene technology on society. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94 or consent of instructor.

D129L Plant Cell Culture Laboratory (4). Laboratory, 60 hours per quarter, run on two, full three-day weekend sessions which normally will not conflict with other classes. Isolation and culture of plant cells and tissues, i.e., protoplasts, pollen, meristem. Genetics and structural manipulation of cultured cells, i.e., fusion, laser microsurgery, mutation. Regeneration of plants from cultured cells and tissues. Greenhouse experience (propagation, fertilization, grafting). Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D129 or consent of instructor.

D130 Photomedicine (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Studies the use of optical and engineering-based systems (laser-based) for diagnosis, treating diseases, manipulation of cells and cell function. Physical, optical, and electro-optical principles are explored regarding molecular, cellular, organ, and organism applications. Prerequisites: Physics 3A-B-C or 7A-B-D, or Engineering EECS12, or consent of instructor. Same as Engineering BME135.

D134 Plant Physiology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Plant hormones, growth and development, metabolism, mineral nutrition, and photosynthesis. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 15 or consent of instructor.

D136 Human Anatomy (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Presents a systems approach to the analysis of human structure. Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ system levels of structure and organization are integrated throughout. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.

D137 Eukaryotic and Human Genetics (4) F. Lecture, four hours. Structure and function of genes in eukaryotes with emphasis on special problems of genetic studies in humans. Molecular methods of genetic analysis and gene transfer are discussed. Practical applications and ethical and social issues raised by genetic studies are addressed. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97; Biological Sciences 99 recommended.

D145 Genomics and Proteomics (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Focuses on the applications of genomics and proteomics to problems in genetics, cell, and developmental biology. Students gain a comprehensive understanding of the techniques currently used for genomics analysis and how best to apply these tools to solve research problems. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97, 98, 99.

D146 Eukaryotic Genes (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Molecular organization of eukaryotic genes and the molecular mechanisms which regulate their expression. Topics include developmentally regulated genes, tissue-specific gene expression, multigene families, oncogenes, gene transposition, and recombinant gene cloning. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.

D147 Plant Molecular Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Presents the molecular mechanisms of plant growth and development. Topics considered include: the identification of genes regulating cell division, growth, and morphogenesis; control of gene expression by external and internal factors; plant transformation mechanisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D105.

D148 Development and Disease (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Development of animal embryos from a fertilized egg to a functioning organism. Topics include body-axis formation, growth and differentiation of embryonic cells, and organogenesis, with an emphasis on congenital birth defects and diseases that disrupt these processes. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D104.

D149 Development, Injury, and Repair of the Nervous System (4) F, W. Lecture, three hours. The formation of the nervous system including neurogenesis, trophic factors, cell death, and formation of nerve connections. Damage to the brain and spinal cord from injury and disease and experimental strategies for repair. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

D151 Advanced Cell Biology (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Plasma membrane and cytoskeletal-mediated events. Topics include: endocytosis, receptor-ligand interactions, the biochemical basis of growth control, cell structure and motility, and cell-cell, cell matrix interactions. The biochemistry and molecular aspects of these topics are emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D103.

D153 Molecular and Cellular Basics of Disease (4). Lecture, three hours. Provides students with examples of how human disease is usually manifested at the cellular level. The roles of specific molecules and organelles are discussed where their roles in the disease process are understood. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D103.

D154 Developmental and Cell Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. An advanced, integrated view of cell biology. Topics include the cell cycle, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, signal transduction, the cellular basis of development, and the cell biology of cancer. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D103 or 107. Concurrent with Developmental and Cell Biology 231B.

D155 Systems Cell and Developmental Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Introduces concepts needed to understand cell and developmental biology at the systems level, i.e., how the parts (molecules) work together to create a complex output. Emphasis on using mathematical/computational modeling to expand/modify insights provided by intuition. Concurrent with Developmental and Cell Biology 232.

D180 Fractal Geometry in Biology (4) F. Lecture, two hours; discussion, one hour. Fractal geometry explored with tools and interests of the biologist. Provides a general background of fractal geometry and investigates the types of biological processes that generate fractals. Prerequisites: completion of the Biological Sciences Core, Physics 3A, and Mathematics 2B.

D187 Developmental Genetics (4) W of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Advanced course on the use of genetic analysis to identify the genes that control cell behavior and development. Instructor-led discussion of genetics and the relationship between genotype and phenotype followed by student-led discussion based on assigned readings. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D137.

D190 Topics in Developmental and Cell Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Lecture, two hours. Studies in selected areas of developmental and cell biology. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences D103; limited to School of Biological Sciences majors with upper-division standing. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

E107 Seminar in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2) F, W, S. Seminar, one and one-half hours. Invited speakers, graduate students, and faculty present current research in ecology and evolutionary biology. Pass/Not Pass only. Open only to upper-division Ecology and Evolutionary Biology majors.

E118 Terrestrial Ecosystems (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. A mechanistic perspective of the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Includes the mechanisms that control plant growth, hydrology and nutrient cycling, and the roles terrestrial ecosystems play in local and global biogeochemistry. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106 or consent of instructor. Same as Earth System Science 164 and Environmental Analysis and Design E167.

E124 Infectious Disease Dynamics (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Discusses how the dynamical interactions between pathogens and the immune system can give rise to a variety of outcomes which include clearance of infection, persistent infection, escape from immune responses, and pathology. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96 or E106 or 97.

E127 Physiological Plant Ecology (4) F. Lecture, three hours. An examination of the interactions between plants and their environment. Emphasis on the underlying physiological mechanisms of plant function, adaptations and responses to stress, and the basis of the distribution of plants and plant assemblages across the landscape. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106 or consent of instructor. Same as Earth System Science 168.

E135 Molecular Evolution (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the study of evolutionary change in genes and DNA sequences. Combines study of molecular biology with the study of evolution. Molecular evolution has application to many disciplines, including molecular biology, virology, systematics, and the origin of life. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E136 The Physiology of Human Nutrition (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Examines the biochemical basis of energy metabolism, physiological processes in digestion and uptake, and the biochemical transformation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the human body. The emphasis is on expanding the students' understanding of physiology. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98 and E109.

E137 Genetics of Complex Traits (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Many ecologically important traits (e.g., size, age at sexual maturity) and clinical conditions are rooted in the interaction of multiple genetic loci with the environment. Theoretical and practical approaches to dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits are explored. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 96 or E106, and 97; Biological Sciences 7 or Mathematics 7 recommended.

E138 Comparative Animal Physiology (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Maintenance aspects of physiology: water balance; feeding and digestion; metabolism; respiration and circulation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E109.

E141 Cell Signaling in Development (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Introduction to the general principles of cell signaling, with emphasis on its role in animal development. Topics include: hormone receptor interactions, G-protein linked signaling, enzyme linked cell surface receptors, growth factor signaling in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D104.

E142 Writing/Philosophy of Biology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Philosophy of biology, e.g., scientific method in biology, the structure of evolutionary theory, teleology, ethics, and evolution. Course work includes one 4,000-word and four 1,000-word papers. Prerequisite: satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement. Same as Philosophy 142 and Logic and Philosophy of Science 142.

E150 Conservation Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Topics for lecture and discussion: current crisis in species extinction and human impacts on the biosphere. Value of species and ecosystems to humans. Effects of ecosystem degradation on societies in the past. Current efforts at conservation and restoration, with political and economic considerations. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.

E151 Population Dynamics in Ecology, Epidemiology, and Medicine (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Explore the dynamics of populations on an ecological, epidemiological, and medical level. Considers the dynamics of competition, predation, and parasitism; the spread and control of infectious diseases; and the in vivo dynamics of viral infections and the immune system. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94 or E106. Concurrent with Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 251.

E153 Functional and Structural Evolutionary Genomics (4) W. Lecture and computer lab, four hours. Function and organization of genomes analyzed from an evolutionary perspective. Review of some of the most recent experimental approaches in genome analysis and comparative genomics. Relevant software to analyze DNA and expression data is used. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97. Recommended: Biological Sciences E135 or E168, and Biological Sciences 7 or Statistics 7/Mathematics 7. Concurrent with Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 253.

E155 Physiology in Extreme Environments (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. An in-depth look at the physiological mechanisms that allow animals to live and survive in extreme environments. Physiological responses to high altitude, diving, microgravity, deserts, and extreme cold are examined. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences E109 and Physics 3A.

E157 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Structure and evolution of the major organ systems in vertebrates, from fish to mammals. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.

E160 Ornithology (4). Lecture, three hours. A thorough introduction to the biology of birds, covering topics ranging from avian anatomy and physiology to behavior, natural history, ecology, genetics, evolution, systematics, and conservation. Examples from both local and global avifauna. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106. Concurrent with Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 260.

E161L Ornithology Laboratory (4). Laboratory, three hours. An elective companion course to Biological Sciences E160 consisting primarily of field trips to nearby sites to identify local birds and study avian natural history. Some field trips may depart campus as early as 7 a.m. Corequisite or prerequisite: Biological Sciences E160.

E163 Environmental Microbiology (4) F. Lecture, three hours. Establishes a fundamental understanding of microbes living in the environment, including their distribution, diversity, and biochemistry, and discusses how they attribute to global biogeochemical cycles. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106 or Earth System Science 53. Same as Earth System Science 170.

E167 Plant Population Biology (4) F of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Current topics in plant population biology are reviewed in an ecological and evolutionary context. Topics include aspects of population genetics, population ecology, evolutionary ecology, and applications to conservation biology. Discussions of current literature. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 94 and E106.

E168 Advanced Evolutionary Biology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. An integrative treatment of evolutionary biology. Covers evolutionary processes, basic research methods, and the history of life. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E170 Mechanical Physiology (4). Lecture, three hours. Explores the mechanics of animal physiology. Basic biomechanical principles are introduced and illustrated in a variety of physiological systems. Topics include the fluid and structural mechanics of muscles, skeletons, circulation, insect flight, biomaterials, and fish swimming. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E109.

E172 Systematics and Evolution of Flowering Plants (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Basic systematic concepts including phylogenetic analysis, introduction to major groups of flowering plants, analysis of evolutionary significance of characters used in systematic studies. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106. Concurrent with Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 272.

E172L Plant Systematics Laboratory (4) S. Laboratory, three hours. Diversity of flowering plants is investigated in the laboratory and field. Familiarity with flowering plant families, particularly those prominent in the California flora, is emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106. Concurrent with Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 273.

E174 Behavioral Ecology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, two hours. Animal behavior as an evolutionary solution to problems encountered during an animal's life cycle. Includes a broad comparative approach to communication, social behavior, habitat selection, and food finding. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106 or consent of instructor.

E175 Restoration Ecology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, two hours; field work, two hours. Theoretical and practical aspects of habitat restoration and mitigation. Design, implementation, and monitoring of restoration projects in local habitats. Collection of seed and cuttings, planting and maintenance presented. Control of exotics in natural areas discussed. Environmental ethics of restoration emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E176 Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Ecology and evolution of host-parasite relationships. Ecological factors that influence the spread of disease, genetics of resistance and virulence, and significance of cellular parasites in genomic evolution. Emphasis on conceptual issues with examples from many different organisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97.

E178 Ocean Ecology (4) W of even years. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Examines the relationships between physical processes in the ocean, biological productivity, and the exploitation of ocean resources by high-trophic-level predators, including humans. Discusses open ocean ecosystems, intertidal and benthic regions of the world ocean. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.

E179 Limnology and Freshwater Biology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Biology of freshwater environments: lakes, ponds, rivers, their biota, and the factors which influence distribution of organisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.

E179L Field Freshwater Ecology (4) S. Field work, three hours. Analytical techniques for common water-quality variables of lakes, streams, rivers. Benthic fauna, vertebrates, and invertebrates, algae, and aquatic plants. Emphasis on field methods with an experimental approach; laboratory exercises. Field trips to marshes, lakes, vernal pools, rivers, and streams. Corequisite or prerequisite: Biological Sciences E179.

E181 Conservation in the American West (4) W of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Critical examination of contemporary conservation issues in the American west, with particular attention to water in California, grazing on public lands, and species decline and extinctions. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E182 Mediterranean Ecosystems: Biodiversity and Conservation (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Biodiversity, history of human impacts, and conservation efforts are examined in the five Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The extent of remaining natural habitat, approaches to ecological habitat restoration, control of exotic species, and predicted consequences of global climate change are described. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E183 The Comparative Physiology of Exercise (4) F of even years. Lecture, three hours. Focus upon critical topics in the area of exercise biology using the comparative physiological approach. Specifically examine the physiological factors that limit the capacity of an organism to sustain high levels of aerobic metabolism. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98, D104, and E109.

E184 Entomology (4) F of even years. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Central features of the Insecta are reviewed in an evolutionary and ecological context. Topics include external and internal morphology, systematic relationships among the insect orders, insects in ecological communities, and the impact of agricultural and medical pests. Field trips. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E185 Plant-Animal Interactions (4) W of even years. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Ecology and evolution of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals. Topics include pollinator behavior, plant reproductive systems, plant defense mechanisms, and herbivore diet choice. Field-oriented laboratory. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and E106.

E186 Population and Community Ecology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Population structure, function, development, and evolution. Topics include population structure, population growth and regulation, metapopulations, predation, competition, species diversity, ecosystem function, macroecology, and island biogeography. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106.

E188 Introduction to Insect Physiology (4) W of even years. Lecture, three hours. Physiology of insects. Insect respiration, digestion, excretion, and neurobiology, including sensory systems and effectors. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences D104 and E109.

E189 Environmental Ethics (4) W. Lecture, three hours. History of evolution of environmental ethics in America. Management problems in national parks, wilderness areas, wild and scenic rivers, national forests. Contemporary and historical aspects/contributors to the field. Mitigation, endangered species, habitat restoration, biodiversity, and environmental activism. Field trips required. Prerequisite: upper-division standing.

E190 Topics in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Lecture, two to four hours. Studies in selected areas of ecology and evolutionary biology. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences E106. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

M114 Advanced Biochemistry (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Physical-chemical properties of macromolecules. Structure-function relationships in nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, and lipids. Integration and regulation of metabolism. Biochemistry of organs and biochemistry of diseases. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.

M116 Advanced Molecular Biology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Mechanisms of gene expression; special emphasis on regulatory events that occur in Eukaryotic organisms other than initiation of transcription. Chromatin structure and rearrangement, RNA polymerases, cis- and trans-acting elements, RNA processing, transport and stability, protein synthesis, trafficking, and turnover. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, and M114L or M116L.

M119 Fundamental Immunology II (4) S. Lecture, two hours; discussion, one hour. Lectures and paper discussions/analyses to achieve a basic understanding of immune system function in health and disease. Topics include immunodeficiency diseases, allergy and hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, transplantation, vaccines, tumor immunology, and modern immunological methods. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences M121. Concurrent with Molecular Biology and Biochemistry 219.

M120 Signal Transduction in Mammalian Cells (4) F. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to major biochemical pathways that transmit information from extracellular cues into changes in cell behavior. Focuses on kinases, phosphateses, G proteins, second messengers, and protein-protein interactions. Includes discussion of primary research articles and experimental techniques. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D103.

M121 Immunology with Hematology (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Antibodies, antigens, antigen-antibody reactions, cells and tissues of lymphoreticular and hematopoietic systems, and individual and collective components of cell-mediated and humoral immune response. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor.

M122 General Microbiology (4) F, S, Summer. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Comparative metabolism of small molecules and cell structure and relationship to microbial classification. Macromolecule synthesis and regulation, sporulation, cell division, growth, and effect of antibiotics. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98.

M123 Introduction to Computational Biology (4) S. Lecture, three hours; laboratory, two hours. The use of theories and methods based on computer science, mathematics, and physics in molecular biology and biochemistry. Basics in biomolecular modeling. Analysis of sequence and structural data of biomolecules. Analysis of biomolecular functions. Prerequisites: Mathematics 2D or 2J or 7 or Biological Sciences 7. Concurrent with Molecular Biology and Biochemistry 223.

M124A Virology (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Replication of viruses in populations, animals, and the host cell. The effects of viral infection on populations, individuals, and specific molecular effects on the target cell. Role of viral infections in cancer and degenerative diseases. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99. Formerly Biological Sciences M124.

M124B Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity (4) W. Lecture, three hours. The mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and of host resistance to viruses are explored in detail. HIV-1 and Influenza-A are used as examples. In each case, viral replication, cytopathic effects, immune response, and viral evasion are discussed. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences M121 or M124A, or consent of instructor; Biological Sciences M122 recommended. Formerly Biological Sciences M162.

M125 Molecular Biology of Cancer (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Consideration of transformation by DNA tumor viruses, RNA tumor viruses, and chemical carcinogens. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99 or consent of instructor.

M128 Genetic Engineering (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Basic biochemical and molecular biology of restriction endonucleases. Vectors for recombinant DNA. Cloning of genes. Sequence analysis of genes. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98; Biological Sciences 99 recommended.

M132 Microbial Physiology and Pathology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to microbial physiology and the molecular mechanisms of microbial disease pathogenesis. Survey of pathogenic microbes and their medical implications. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99; Biological Sciences M122 recommended.

M133 High-Resolution Structures: NMR and X-ray (4) F of even years. Lecture, three hours. Basic principles of magnetic resonance and x-ray crystallography toward the determination of high-resolution biomolecular structures. Prerequisites: Mathematics 2B and consent of instructor. Concurrent with Molecular Biology and Biochemistry 211.

M137 Microbial Genetics (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and 98. Recommended: concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 99.

M140 Macromolecular Structure, Function, and Interaction (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Chemistry of macromolecules; emphasis on proteins. Physical and chemical properties of proteins, forces that maintain protein structure, relationship between structure and function, interactions of proteins with ligands and other macromolecules, and experimental methods to study structure, function, and interactions. Corequisite: Chemistry 130A or 131A. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98 and 99. Concurrent with Molecular Biology 240.

M143 Human Parasitology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to human animal-parasitic diseases including worms and protozoan infections. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99. Formerly Biological Sciences D143.

M144 Cell Organelles and Membranes (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Structure, function, and biogenesis of biological membranes and membrane-bound organelles; protein trafficking and transmembrane signaling. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences D103.

M160 Structure-Function Relationships of Integral Membrane Proteins (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Integral membrane proteins such as voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, water channels, pumps, cotransporters, and receptors (e.g., GPCRs). The emphasis is on the relationship between atomic structure and the functional properties of these proteins. Prerequisites: a grade of B or better in Biological Sciences 98 and 99. Concurrent with Molecular Biology and Biochemistry 255.

M170A Molecular Pharmacology I (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Molecular basis of drug-receptor action at the molecular and cellular levels. Structure-function of drug targets emphasizing enzymes, ion channels, and membrane transport proteins. Understanding how the drugs' mechanisms of action contribute to the development of more efficacious and safer drugs. Prerequisites: Chemistry 51B, Biological Sciences E109 and 98 or Chemistry 128. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A.

M170B Molecular Pharmacology II (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Mechanism-based overview of pharmacology and therapeutic drugs in the fields of autonomic nervous system, central nervous system, and antimicrobials. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, E109, and M170A; and Chemistry 51C. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M170B.

M171 Physical Biochemistry (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Principles in quantum mechanics and applications in biomolecular spectroscopy; rotational, vibrational, electric, and magnetic resonance. Principles of statistical mechanics and chemical thermodynamics; energy, entropy, free energy, and equilibrium for biological reactions. Principles of kinetics for biochemical reactions. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, Chemistry 1C, Mathematics 2B, and Physics 3B. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M171.

M172 Topics in Pharmaceutical Sciences (2) W. Lecture, two hours. Presents information about various fields of research, study, careers, and graduate school opportunities in pharmaceutical sciences. Taught by guest lecturers from various disciplines including 199 research course faculty. Helps Pharmaceutical Sciences students select electives appropriate to their future goals. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, 100L, and Chemistry 51C. Pass/Not Pass only. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M172.

M173 Pharmacotherapy (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. An exploration of the clinical application of medications to selected disease states. Focus is on an understanding of underlying principles of pharmacology and how this knowledge can be applied to treatment of diseases. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences M170A and M170B, or Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A and M170B. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M173.

M174 Biopharmaceutics (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Introduces theories and tools of new drug formulations. Particularly new novel therapeutics based on biological materials, pathological characteristics utilized to achieve the maximum efficacy and specificity, and drug delivery systems are extensively discussed. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences M170A and M170B, or Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A and M170B, or consent of instructor. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M174.

M174L Biopharmaceutics Laboratory (3) F. Laboratory, three hours; discussion, one hour. Introduction to cancer drug screening using cellular models and confirmation of comprehensive therapeutic efficacy using a live animal model. Includes basic cell culture, cytotoxicity assays, cell analysis, drug circulation test, and tumor eradiction and imaging experiments. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences M170A and M170B, or Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A and M170B, or consent of instructor. Same as Pharmaceutical Sciences M174L.

M190 Topics in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (2 to 4) F, W, S. Lecture, two to four hours. Studies in selected areas of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

NEUROBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

N112A-B-C Neuroscience: Fundamental Concepts and Current Applications (2-2-2) F, W, S. Lecture, two hours. In-depth exploration of the intellectual tools used to create, advance, and disseminate knowledge about the nervous system. Develops analytical, reasoning, and communication skills by exploring fundamental issues of data interpretation in cellular, molecular, systems, and behavioral analyses of brain function. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N117 Principles of Brain Evolution (4) F, W, S. Lecture, two hours; seminar, one hour. Brains obviously differ between different species, yet many commonalities exist. Surveys species similarities and differences in brain organization, then extracts some general principles of how brains evolve. Emphasis placed on vertebrate brains and on the functional implications of neuroanatomical change. Concurrent with Neurobiology and Behavior 243 and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 243.

N119 History of Neuroscience (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. An overview of the conceptual and technical foundations of contemporary neuroscience from ancient times to the present. The subjects include synapses, neurons, brain organization, sensory, motor and regulatory systems, learning and memory, human brain function and dysfunction. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 35 or N110, or Psychology and Social Behavior P115D, or Psychology 9A-B-C, or consent of instructor. Concurrent with Neurobiology and Behavior 255.

N146 Neurobiology of Sensation and Attention (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Focuses on neural mechanisms in sensory cortex at the cellular, synaptic, and systems levels that contribute to sensory processing and attention to sensory stimuli. Covers four topics: neurophysiology of sensory cortex and thalamus; diffuse modulatory systems and neuromodulation; arousal: integration of channels, neurons, systems; sensory processing during attention. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N147 Auditory Neuroscience (4) F. Lecture, three hours. Multidisciplinary introduction to brain mechanisms of hearing, taught by faculty from the Center for Hearing Research. Emphasizes breadth of auditory function and research: single neurons to psychoacoustics, the cochlea to the cortex, and basic science to clinic issues. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

N153 Neuropharmacology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Survey of neurotransmitter systems, focusing on how transmitters are made, how they interact with their receptors, and how drugs can influence these processes to alter neural function and behavior. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N154 Molecular Neurobiology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Nature and actions of genes and gene products that regulate the functioning of the nervous system and its interaction with muscles. Topics include: neural control of gene expression; genetics and molecular biology of neural and neuromuscular diseases; gene therapies for neural disorders. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N158 Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (4). Lecture, three hours. How the brain and behavior change as a result of experience, with an emphasis on identifying the neurochemical processes through which memory is stored and the parts of the brain that are involved. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 35 or N110. Same as Psychology 162A.

N159 Animal Behavior (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Explores why animals behave the way they do from both evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Considers selective pressures and evolutionary constraints that shape animal behavior and the underlying neural and hormonal mechanisms by using examples such as why dogs bark, why some birds migrate. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N160 Language and the Brain (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Analysis of current research on the biological bases of human linguistic capacity. Development, focusing on hemispheric specialization and plasticity; localization of specific linguistic functions in adults, with emphasis on study of aphasias; relation of linguistic capacity to general cognitive capacity, considering research on retardation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 35 or N110, or consent of instructor. Same as Psychology 161 and Linguistics 158.

N161 Cellular Neurophysiology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the biophysical mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of signals within and between nerve cells. Emphasizes the roles of ion channels in generating resting and action potentials, the mechanisms of quantal neurotransmitter release, and the ionic conductances involved in synaptic transmission. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N162 Neuroscience of Human Memory (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Overview of topics in the cognitive neuroscience of human long-term memory and their relevance to an understanding of clinical disorders of memory. Methods of investigation of dual process models, human memory, functional architecture of memory, implicit vs. explicit distinction, control processes. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N112B.

N163 Endocrinology, Neuroendocrinology, and Behavior (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Survey of the hormones secreted by the endocrine system, their physiological effects, and their mechanisms of action, followed by consideration of how the endocrine and nervous systems interact to regulate each other and behavior. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N164 Functional Neuroanatomy (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. How neuroscience uses tools of many disciplines, from imaging to behavior, to develop and test hypotheses about functions of specific parts of the brain. Basic organization of nerve cells and vertebrate nervous system; methods of visualizing nerve cells; neural connections, neural activity patterns. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N171 Neurobiology of Transmitter Receptors (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the use of frog oocytes as a model system for studies in neurobiology. Transplantation of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-operated ion channels from the brain into oocytes. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 or N110 and consent of instructor.

N177 Topics in Cortical Plasticity (4) F, W, S. Seminar, three hours. Focuses on neural mechanisms that underlie cortical plasticity. These include neurophysiological, pharmacological, anatomical, and developmental mechanisms that act at the synaptic, cellular, and system (population of neurons) levels. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences N110.

N182 Vision (4). Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Visual perception and the anatomy and physiology of the visual system. Topics include: the retina and the visual pathway; visual sensitivity; color vision; spatial vision; motion perception; and the development of the visual system. Same as Psychology 131A. Psychology 130A may not be taken for credit after Biological Sciences N182.

N190 Topics in Neurobiology and Behavior (2 to 4) F, W, S. Lecture, four hours. Studies in selected areas of neurobiology and behavior. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.

Seminars and Special Courses

191A-B Senior Seminar on Global Sustainability I, II (2-2) F, W. Students attend weekly seminar to discuss current issues in global sustainability. Weekly attendance at Global Sustainability Forum also is required. Seminar utilized to analyze forum presentations. A: Prepare bibliography. B: Prepare research proposal. In-progress grading for 191A-B, grade for sequence given upon completion of 191C. Prerequisites: senior standing, Biological Sciences 65, Environmental Analysis and Design E20, and Earth System Science 10. Same as Earth System Science 190A-B and Social Ecology 186A-B.

191C Writing/Senior Seminar on Global Sustainability III (4) S. Students attend weekly seminar to discuss current issues in global sustainability. Weekly attendance at Global Sustainability Forum also is required. Seminar utilized to analyze forum presentations and to prepare senior research paper. Prepare/write research paper under the direction of a faculty member. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 191A-B and satisfaction of the lower-division writing requirement. Same as Earth System Science 190C and Social Ecology 186C.

192 Tutoring in Biology (2). Enrollment limited to participants in the Biological Sciences Peer Tutoring Program. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. May be repeated. No more than eight units earned in this course may be counted toward the 180 units required for graduation. Satisfies no degree requirement other than contribution to the 180-unit total.

193 Research Writing for Biological Science Majors (4). Under the guidance of selected faculty in the School of Biological Sciences and a writing professional, students learn to conduct library research in the field of biology and to write scientific review papers. Prerequisite: upper-division Biological Sciences major.

194 Current Topics in Biology (1) F, W, S. A seminar designed to discuss recent research findings and experimental issues in biology. Meets once each week for one hour. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 199.

194S Safety and Ethics for Research (1) F, W, S. Introduces students to the concepts, techniques, and ethics involved in biological sciences laboratory work. Pass/Not Pass only.

H195 Honors Seminar in Biological Sciences (1) S. Seminar. Contemporary research problems in biological sciences. Participating students and faculty present their research findings as well as examine and discuss research in related fields. Writing instruction for participation in Excellence in Research takes place during required workshops in the fall quarter. Limited to students in the Biological Sciences Honors Program.

196 Writing for Biology Research (4) W. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, two hours. A science writing and critical reasoning course to be taken the quarter prior to participation in the Excellence in Research Program. Students work in a computer laboratory with full access to writing, library, and network resources and prepare and review a formal scientific paper. Prerequisites: two quarters of Biological Sciences 199; satisfaction of the lower-division writing requirement. Enrollment preference given to students who have taken two or more quarters of Biological Sciences 197.

196A Seminar in Interactive Teaching in Biology (2) F. Students receive formal training in use and assessment of interactive teaching strategies in university-level biology classes. Additional aspects of course design and implementation are covered. Recommended for undergraduates involved in the BioSci Peer Tutoring Program. May be taken for credit two times.

198A-B-C Directed Group Studies (1 to 5) F, W, S. Small group experimental laboratory or fieldwork performed under the influence of a faculty member. Prior to beginning group studies, each student must submit an abstract which must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office and renewed yearly, if applicable. A Summary Report must be submitted at the end of each quarter. May be graded In Progress. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 194S and consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times.

Independent Study

Independent-study credit for undergraduates is limited to five units per quarter.

197A-B-C Special Study in Biological Sciences (1 to 4 per quarter) F, W, S. Tutorial, one to four hours. Library research, tutorial, and other independent projects under individual professors. Individualized instruction dealing with conceptual or theoretical problems in the biological sciences, rather than technical problems. Regularly scheduled meetings between student and faculty member and successful completion of a written report. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. An abstract form must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. May be graded "IP." May be repeated for credit.

199 Independent Study in Biological Sciences Research (1 to 5 per quarter) F, W, S. Individual experimental laboratory or field research under a professor's direction. Required for participation in the Excellence in Research Program. Further information and a booklet describing many prospective projects are available in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 194S and consent of instructor. An abstract form must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. May be repeated for credit as topics vary.

Courses in Pharmaceutical Sciences

M170A Molecular Pharmacology I (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Molecular basis of drug-receptor action at the molecular and cellular levels. Structure-function of drug targets emphasizing enzymes, ion channels, and membrane transport proteins. Understanding how the drugs' mechanisms of action contribute to the development of more efficacious and safer drugs. Prerequisites: Chemistry 51B, Biological Sciences E109 and 98 or Chemistry 128. Same as Biological Sciences M170A.

M170B Molecular Pharmacology II (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Mechanism-based overview of pharmacology and therapeutic drugs in the fields of autonomic nervous system, central nervous system, and antimicrobials. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, E109, and M170A; and Chemistry 51C. Same as Biological Sciences M170B.

M171 Physical Biochemistry (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Principles in quantum mechanics and applications in biomolecular spectroscopy; rotational, vibrational, electric, and magnetic resonance. Principles of statistical mechanics and chemical thermodynamics; energy, entropy, free energy, and equilibrium for biological reactions. Principles of kinetics for biochemical reactions. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, Chemistry 1C, Mathematics 2B, and Physics 3B. Same as Biological Sciences M171.

M172 Topics in Pharmaceutical Sciences (2) W. Lecture, two hours. Presents information about various fields of research, study, careers, and graduate school opportunities in pharmaceutical sciences. Taught by guest lecturers from various disciplines including 199 research course faculty. Helps Pharmaceutical Sciences students select electives appropriate to their future goals. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, 100L, and Chemistry 51C. Pass/Not Pass only. Same as Biological Sciences M172.

M173 Pharmacotherapy (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. An exploration of the clinical application of medications to selected disease states. Focus is on an understanding of underlying principles of pharmacology and how this knowledge can be applied to treatment of diseases. Prerequisites: Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A and M170B, or Biological Sciences M170A and M170B. Same as Biological Sciences M173.

M174 Biopharmaceutics (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Introduces theories and tools of new drug formulations. Particularly new novel therapeutics based on biological materials, pathological characteristics utilized to achieve the maximum efficacy and specificity, and drug delivery systems are extensively discussed. Prerequisites: Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A and M170B, or Biological Sciences M170A and M170B, or consent of instructor. Same as Biological Sciences M174.

M174L Biopharmaceutics Laboratory (3) F. Laboratory, three hours; discussion, one hour. Introduction to cancer drug screening using cellular models and confirmation of comprehensive therapeutic efficacy using a live animal model. Includes basic cell culture, cytotoxicity assays, cell analysis, drug circulation test, and tumor eradiction and imaging experiments. Prerequisites: Pharmaceutical Sciences M170A and M170B, or Biological Sciences M170A and M170B, or consent of instructor. Same as Biological Sciences M174L.

M175 Pharmaceutical Entrepreneurship (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Describes the path of a novel therapeutic idea from laboratory bench to the clinics. Covers the scientific principles and technologies involved in making the transition from a basic biological observation to the creation of a new drug. Prerequisite: Pharmaceutical Sciences M174/Biological Sciences M174.

M176 Bioethics (4) S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Discusses the ethical and social responsibilities of the pharmaceutical scientist and entrepreneur. Issues explored include animal experimentation, clinical trials, medicine, and economics as they are related to pharmaceutical sciences and drug discovery and development.

177 Medicinal Chemistry (4) F, W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. An introduction of the basics of drug activity and mechanisms. Strategies used to identify lead compounds such as natural product chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, molecular modeling, and high-throughput screening. Relationship of molecular structure to pharmacological activity. Corequisite: Pharmaceutical Sciences 177L. Prerequisites: Chemistry 51A-B-C or equivalent, and Biological Science 98 or Chemistry 128. Same as Chemistry 177.

177L Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (2) F, W. Laboratory, four hours. Laboratory accompanying Pharmaceutical Sciences 177. Corequisite: Pharmaceutical Sciences 177. Prerequisites: Chemistry 51A-B-C or equivalent, and Biological Science 98 or Chemistry 128. Same as Chemistry 177L.