1A-B Life Sciences (4-4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. A two-quarter integrated sequence designed to introduce nonmajors to the basic concepts of modern biology. 1A: Discussion of evolutionary biology, ecology, molecular biology, and genetics. 1B: Cell and behavioral biology including plant structure and function, photosynthesis, and animal physiology. Prerequisite for 1B: Biological Sciences 1A. (II)
35 The Brain and Behavior (4). Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Brain mechanisms underlying psychological processes, including consciousness and sleep, sex, food and water intake, perception, learning, memory, and language. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 1B. (II)
55 Introduction to Ecology (4). Lecture, three hours. Principles of ecology; application to populations, communities, ecosystems, and humans. Prerequistite: Biological Sciences 1B. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E6. (II)
75 Human Development: Conception to Birth (4). Lecture, three hours. Processes leading to the birth of a healthy child and the avoidance of birth defects. Male and female reproductive systems, hormonal control of egg-sperm formations, sexual intercourse, contraception, venereal diseases, fertilization, cell division, embryonic development, fetal physiology. (II)
11 Topics in Biological Sciences (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of biological sciences. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
15 Botany (4) F. Lecture, three hours. Structure and function of flowering plants related to their roles in ecology and human needs. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 1B for nonmajors; none for majors. (II)
20 Western Water Problems (4) W of odd years. Seminar, four hours. Minimum streamflow, anadromous fisheries, riparian habitats, and characteristics of western river systems. Ecological effects of dams and impoundments, western water law, and mitigation strategies. California and the Northwest are emphasized.
25 Biology of Cancer (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Biological, clinical, and psychosocial nature of cancer through the perspectives of medical researchers, biologists, physicians, and health educators. For students of all majors, designed so that each can increase personal awareness of the biology of cancer.
30 Biomedical Ethics (2) S. Seminar, three hours. Ethical issues inherent in modern biological and medical advances. Behavior modification, food and resources distribution, malpractice, and other current ethical issues are covered by scientists and community members. Discussion with the guest speaker. Pass/Not Pass only.
40 Biological Sciences Summer Science Program (4) Summer. Lecture, five hours; laboratory, three hours. Developmental approach to the study of a scientific subject. The cell, plants and animals, diversity of life, and subdivisions in biology using indexes, journals, biological dictionaries, and personal public relations.
45 AIDS Fundamentals (4) F, W. Lecture, three hours. Considers the biological and sociological bases of the AIDS epidemic. Topics include the history of AIDS, current medical knowledge, transmission, risk reduction, and how the community can respond. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E45U and Psychology and Human Behavior P45. (II)
46 Discussion and Literature Research in AIDS (2 to 4) F. Discussion, two hours; research, two hours. Students carry out two activities: (1) leading discussions about HIV/AIDS (predominantly regarding sociological and personal reactions) among students taking the AIDS Fundamentals course and (2) literature research about biomedical aspects of AIDS. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 45 or Psychology and Social Behavior P45 or Environmental Analysis and Design E45U; consent of instructor.
50 The Biology of Heart Disease (4) S. Lecture, four hours. Guest lecturers from the field of cardiovascular medicine discuss current concepts regarding cause, diagnosis, and treatment of heart disease. Topics include surgery, rehabilitation, and congenital defects, with emphasis on prevention.
65 Biological Conservation (4). Lecture, three hours. A biological perspective on the current environmental crisis. The origin, evolution, and value of biological diversity. Extinction and depletion caused by overexploitation, habitat loss, and pollution. Conservation through habitat preservation and restoration, captive breeding, cryopreservation. Prerequisite: for nonmajors, Biological Sciences 1B; none for majors. (II)
78 Health (2) F, S. Lecture, three hours. A practical health education course comprised of lectures by practicing professionals. Health topics covered include stress, physical fitness, cardiovascular disease, cancer, communicable diseases, nutrition, eating disorders, rape prevention, common illness, and trauma and emergency medical care. Pass/Not Pass only.
H90 The Idiom and Practice of Science (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, three hours. The importance of biological sciences in decision-making for individuals, society, and the environment. Topics may include health and disease, genetics and society, biodiversity and conservation. Encourages students to become actively involved in using science to help confront major issues facing society. Prerequisite: restricted to members of the Campuswide Honors Program. Formerly Biological Sciences H90A. (II)
Seminars
2A Freshman Seminars (1). Lecture, one hour; seminar, one hour. Weekly meetings consisting of presentations by faculty, professional staff, and New Student Peer Academic Advisors provide information about the School of Biological Sciences, campus resources, and special programs/opportunities. Pass/Not Pass only. Open to freshman Biological Sciences majors only.
2B Freshman Seminars (0). Lecture, one hour. To further facilitate Biological Sciences students' understanding of the structure, function, opportunities, and current issues in the biological sciences through faculty presentations and readings. Pass/Not Pass only. One unit of workload credit only. Open to freshman Biological Sciences majors only. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 2A.
3A Career Decision Making (0). Lecture, one hour. An introductory course designed to facilitate the career decision-making process. Decision-making processes, values, and standardized tests of aptitudes, interests, and values are utilized with non-test data in appraising biological sciences career options. Pass/Not Pass only. One unit of workload credit only. Open to Biological Sciences majors only.
3B Non-Health Sciences Career Exploration (0). Lecture, one hour. A survey course designed to assist students in exploring non-health science career options. Lectures by professionals in various fields. Students are required to investigate one area of particular interest and do a career observation. Pass/Not Pass only. One unit of workload credit only. Open to sophomore, junior, or senior Biological Sciences majors only.
4 Introduction to Biomedical Research and Careers (0). A seminar series for students interested in careers in the biological sciences and medicine. Presents a broad view of research areas, experimental approaches, clinical and industrial applications, issues of national health policies and economics, career paths in the biomedical sciences. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. One unit of workload credit only.
190 Transfer Student Seminars (1). Lecture, one hour; seminar, one hour. Weekly meetings consisting of presentations by faculty, professional staff, and New Student Peer Academic Advisors provide information about the School of Biological Sciences, campus resources, and special programs/opportunities. Pass/Not Pass only. Open to new transfer students only.
Special Courses
92 Special Group Activities F, W, S. Formerly Biological Sciences 98.
Sec. 1A Health Sciences Experience, Medicine, and Allied Health (0). Opportunities to observe or participate in various health fields. Specific number of hours per quarter of volunteer work with approved health professionals. Passing contingent on completion of minimum specified hours with satisfactory evaluation. Fields include veterinary and human medicine, and allied health. Pass/Not Pass only. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and minimum third-quarter freshman standing. May be repeated.
Sec. 1B Health Sciences Experience, Dentistry (0). Description same as Sec. 1A. Pass/Not Pass only. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and minimum third-quarter freshman standing. May be repeated.
Sec. 1C Health Sciences Experience, Optometry (0). Description same as Sec. 1A. Pass/Not Pass only. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and minimum third-quarter freshman standing. May be repeated.
Sec. 2 Tutoring in Biological Sciences (2 to 4). Students may enroll in this course to earn credit for tutoring in Biological Sciences Core courses. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. May be repeated for a total of eight units. Pass/Not Pass only.
Sec. 3 Reading, Writing, and Reasoning for Biological Science Majors (0) F, W, S. Strategies and practice to strengthen reading, writing, and reasoning skills in preparation for graduate study in biological sciences and advanced degrees in areas such as education, business, law, dentistry, optometry, medicine, and public health. Pass/Not Pass only. Open to upper-division Biological Sciences majors only.
Sec. 5 Curriculum (2). Initiation, planning, and coordination of student-run courses. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. May be repeated for a total of eight units. Pass/Not Pass only.
191A-B Senior Seminar on Global Sustainability I, II (2-2) F, W. Students attend weekly seminar to discuss current issues in global sustainability. Weekly attendance at Global Sustainability Forum also is required. Seminar utilized to analyze forum presentations. A: Prepare bibliography. B: Prepare research proposal. In-progress grading for 191A-B, grade for sequence given upon completion of 191C. Prerequisites: senior standing, Biological Sciences 65, Environmental Analysis and Design E20, and Earth System Science 10. Same as Earth System Science 190A-B and Social Ecology 186A-B.
191C Writing/Senior Seminar on Global Sustainability III (4) S. Students attend weekly seminar to discuss current issues in global sustainability. Weekly attendance at Global Sustainability Forum also is required. Seminar utilized to analyze forum presentations and to prepare senior research paper. Prepare/write research paper under the direction of a faculty member. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 191A-B and satisfaction of the lower-division writing requirement. Same as Earth System Science 190C and Social Ecology 186C.
192 Excellence in Research in the Biological Sciences (2). Adjunct to the third quarter of Biological Sciences 199 for students participating in the School of Biological Sciences' Excellence in Research program. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 199. Prerequisites: two quarters of Biological Sciences 199; 2.7 minimum grade point average. Pass/Not Pass only. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Biological Sciences 192 and 192X may not both be taken for credit.
192X Excellence in Research/Writing (2). Adjunct to the third quarter of Biological Sciences 199 for students participating in the School of Biological Sciences' Excellence in Research program who wish to receive credit for the upper-division writing requirement. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 199. Prerequisites: two quarters of Biological Sciences 199; 2.7 minimum grade point average; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement. Biological Sciences 192 and 192X may not both be taken for credit.
193 Research Writing for Biological Science Majors (4). Under the guidance of selected faculty in the School of Biological Sciences and a writing professional, students learn to conduct library research in the field of biology and to write scientific review papers. Prerequisite: upper-division Biological Sciences major.
194 Current Topics in Biology (1) F, W, S. A seminar designed to discuss recent research findings and experimental issues in biology. Meets once each week for one hour. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 199.
194S Safety and Ethics for Independent Research (1) F, W, S. Introduces students engaged in independent research to the concepts, techniques, and ethics involved in biomedical research. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 199. Pass/Not Pass only.
195 Communication in the Biological Sciences (4). Lecture, three hours. An examination of rhetorical strategies of both written and oral forms of communications used in the Biological Sciences. Students have extensive opportunity to practice making both written and oral presentations. The final project is a research paper based on work in independent study (Biological Sciences 199). Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 199A and concurrent enrollment in 199B with the intention of participation in Excellence in Research during spring quarter.
196 Writing for Biology Research (4) S. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, two hours. A science writing and critical reasoning course to be taken the quarter prior to participation in the Excellence in Research Program. Students work in a computer laboratory with full access to writing, library, and network resources and prepare and review a formal scientific paper. Prerequisites: two quarters of Biological Sciences 199; satisfaction of the lower-division writing requirement. Enrollment preference given to students who have taken two or more quarters of Biological Sciences 197.
198 Teaching Methods/Practicum for Undergraduates (4) F, W, S. Undergraduates interested in biology teaching experience serve as apprentice instructors in sections of the Experimental Biology Laboratory (100L). Students attend a weekly seminar on teaching methods and a weekly session to prepare for the week's laboratory/discussion topics. Pass/Not Pass only. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100L and upper division standing. May be taken for credit three times.
Independent-study credit for undergraduates is limited to five units per quarter.
197A-B-C Special Study in Biological Sciences (1 to 4 per quarter) F, W, S. Tutorial, one to four hours. Library research, tutorial, and other independent projects under individual professors. Individualized instruction dealing with conceptual or theoretical problems in the biological sciences, rather than technical problems. Regularly scheduled meetings between student and faculty member and successful completion of a written report. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. An abstract form must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. May be graded "IP." May be repeated for credit.
199A-B-C Independent Study in Biological Sciences Research (1 to 5 per quarter) F, W, S. Individual experimental laboratory or field research under a professor's direction. Required for participation in the Excellence in Research Program. Further information and a booklet describing many prospective projects are available in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. Prerequisite: consent of instructor. An abstract form must be filed in the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office. May be graded "IP." May be repeated for credit.
Biological Sciences courses numbered 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100L, 108, 109, and 110 are required of all Biological Sciences majors. Prerequisites listed for Core courses are rigorously enforced. (Transfer students who have successfully completed one or more years of college biology should consult with the Biological Sciences Student Affairs Office for possible exemption from portions of the Core.)
94 Diversity of Life (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Types of living organisms with an introduction to systematics and classification. Evolutionary aspects are stressed. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in or completion of Chemistry 1A.
96 Ecology (4) S. Lecture. Ecological principles and their relevance at several levels of organization. Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems, and interactions of these levels with physical and biotic environments. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 94.
97 General and Evolutionary Genetics (4) F. Lecture. Introduction to genetics and the genetics of populations. Basic features of the replication and expression of DNA; cell division; and gene transmission. Recombination and mutation in diploid organisms. Concepts of genetic variability and natural selection in populations. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96.
98 Biochemistry (4) W. Lecture. Structure and properties of proteins; major biochemical pathways and mechanisms for their control. Prerequisites: completion of Biological Sciences 97 and completion of or concurrent enrollment in Chemistry 51B or 52B.
99 Molecular Biology (4) S. Lecture. Biochemistry and replication of nucleic acids; molecular genetics; protein biosynthesis; genetic code; regulation of expression of genetic information; biochemical evolution. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98.
100L Experimental Biology Laboratory (4) W, S. Basic experimental design, laboratory techniques, data gathering skills, and analysis and preservation of data for a variety of areas of inquiry in the biological sciences. Prerequisites: current enrollment in or completion of Biological Sciences 98; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
108 Developmental and Cell Biology (4) F, W. Lecture. Basic concepts of cell and developmental biology. Emphasis on structure of the cell and its components, and development of structure during embryology of plants and animals. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.
109 Physiology (5) F, W. Lecture. Major functional features of plants and animals relevant to their survival. Focus on the whole organism and its constituent organs and organ systems; functional attributes of cells introduced as required. Discussion of neurophysiology and behavior deferred to Biological Sciences 110. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.
110 Psychobiology (4) S. Lecture. Evolution of behavior, including ethological and psychological aspects and analysis of neuroanatomical, neurochemical, neurophysiological, and neuroendocrine systems underlying basic behavioral processes. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 and completion of or concurrent enrollment in Physics 3B or 5C.
Upon completion of Biological Sciences 100L, Biological Sciences majors are required to take three of the following upper-division laboratories. Students who choose to complete a specialization must take the core laboratory indicated in the list which appears in the degree requirements section.
111L Developmental and Cell Biology Laboratory (3) F, W, S. Laboratory, four hours. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 100L and concurrent enrollment in or completion of Biological Sciences 108.
112L Physiology Laboratory (3) F, W, S. Laboratory, four hours. Prerequisites: completion of Biological Sciences 100L and 109.
113L Psychobiology Laboratory (3) F, S. Laboratory, four hours. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 100L and concurrent enrollment in or completion of Biological Sciences 110.
114L Biochemistry Laboratory (4) F, W, S. Laboratory, four hours. Properties of enzymes and the culture and isolation of mutants of microorganisms. Prerequisite: completion of Biological Sciences 99 and 100L.
115L Evolution Laboratory (4) S. Laboratory, seven hours. Students perform experiments which illustrate important concepts in evolutionary biology such as natural selection, random genetic drift, inbreeding, age-specific selection, sexual selection, and phylogenetic reconstruction. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and 100L.
116L Molecular Biology Laboratory (4) F, W, S. Laboratory, four hours. Students perform experiments which illustrate the chemical and biological properties of nucleic acids. Emphasis is placed on recent techniques in recombinant DNA technology including gene isolation and characterization. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 and 100L.
122L General Microbiology Laboratory (4) F, W, S, Summer. Laboratory, nine hours. Selective isolation of wide variety of microbial types. Characterization and identification by morphological and comparative nutritional and biochemical approaches. Industrial, medical, and biological research applications. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 100L and concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 122 and consent of instructor.
166 Field Method in Ecology (6) F. Lecture, three hours; laboratory, five hours; required field trips. Field studies of major concepts in plant and animal ecology, with emphasis on experimental design, field sampling methods, statistical analysis, and scientific writing. An independent project and two weekend camping trips are required Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 96 and 100L; consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement and upper-division standing.
117 Behavioral Neuroscience Theory (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Study of the nervous system and how behavior is mediated. Investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying both simple and complex aspects of behavior.
118 Microbial Ecology of Natural and Polluted Waters (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Examines microorganisms and their functions in the aquatic environment, specifically microorganisms' role in the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, sulfur, and mercury; how our activities are affecting these cycles. How and why indicator organisms are used in the determination of water quality for public health. Prerequisites: a general course in the Biological Sciences Core curriculum. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E160.
118L Microbial Ecology of Natural and Polluted Waters Laboratory (4) S. Laboratory, three hours. Enumeration and identification of microorganisms from various aquatic environments. Examines microbial mediation of the sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury cycles and public health aspects of water quality. Prerequisites: a general course in the Biological Sciences Core curriculum and completion of or concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 118. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E160L.
119 The Chemical Components of Water Quality (4) F. Lecture, three hours. A survey of the chemical properties of water used for drinking, agriculture, and industry. Covers basic chemical analyses of water and the significance of these tests in determining water quality. Prerequisites: Chemistry 1A and Environmental Analysis and Design E5 and E8 or a general course in the Biological Sciences Core Curriculum. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E162.
120 Neurobiology of Alcohol (4) F. Lecture, two hours; discussion, one hour. Alcohol (ethanol) metabolism, CNS depression, nature and developing brain, neuropharmacology, drug interactions, immune system, alcohol-related birth defects, neuroteratogen, role in AIDS/pediatric AIDS; gender, ethnic, and special population differences. Discussion on biological socio/psychological aspects. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98.
121 Immunology with Hematology (4) W, S. Lecture, three hours; discussion, two hours. Antibodies, antigens, antigen-antibody reactions, cells and tissues of lymphoreticular and hematopoietic systems, and individual and collective components of cell-mediated and humoral immune response. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor.
122 General Microbiology (4) S, Summer. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Comparative metabolism of small molecules and cell structure and relationship to microbial classification. Macromolecule synthesis and regulation, sporulation, cell division, growth, and effect of antibiotics. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98.
123 Computer Applications in Molecular Biology (3) S. Laboratory, three hours. The use of computer programs in molecular biology. Beginning from DNA sequence data, students will enter and construct a data base, analyze the sequence data, and predict some of the structural features of proteins. A familiarity with personal computers is desirable but not required. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 and consent of instructor.
123X Writing/Computer Applications in Molecular Biology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 123. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 123. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 123. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 and consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
124 Virology (6) F. Lecture, five hours. Infective cycle, growth, reproduction, and host interrelationships of animal viruses. Molecular effects of virus infection in cells and animals and the relation between virus infection and cancer. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98.
125 Molecular Biology of Transformed Animal Cells (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Consideration of transformation by DNA tumor viruses, RNA tumor viruses, and chemical carcinogens. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 99 or consent of instructor.
126 Physiological Ecology (4) S. An examination of the functional means by which animals and plants cope with their environments, the physiological limits that determine the boundary conditions of various ecological riches. Unifying principles that describe the regulatory features of all animals or plants emphasized. May be taken only as part of the White Mountain Research Supercourse. Corequisites: Biological Sciences 133, 170, 199. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
128 Genetic Engineering (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Basic biochemical and molecular biology of restriction endonucleases. Vectors for recombinant DNA. Cloning of genes. Sequence analysis of genes. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98; Biological Sciences 99 recommended.
129 Biotechnology and Plant Breeding (4) F, Summer. Lecture, three hours. Synopsis of conventional plant breeding techniques, their limitations, and supplementations through modern biotechnology. These new biotechnological methods include steps such as cloning, cell transformation (genetic engineering), and cell fusion. Focuses on crop improvement, the state of the art in animal and human systems, and the impact of gene technology on society. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 91, 94, or consent of instructor.
129L Plant Cell Culture Laboratory (4) W of odd years. Laboratory, 60 hours per quarter, run on two, full three-day weekend sessions which normally will not conflict with other classes. Isolation and culture of plant cells and tissues, i.e., protoplasts, pollen, meristem. Genetics and structural manipulation of cultured cells, i.e., fusion, laser microsurgery, mutation. Regeneration of plants from cultured cells and tissues. Greenhouse experience (propagation, fertilization, grafting). Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 129 or consent of instructor.
130A Photomedicine I: Basic Mechanisms (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. First of a two-course sequence. Teaches basic physical and optical principles of light interacting with biological systems. Topic sections are: fundamentals of light interaction with matter; various interactions of light with biological materials; optical diagnostics. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108 and Physics 3A-B-C or equivalent. Formerly Biological Sciences 130.
130B Photomedicine II: Biological and Medical (4) W. Introduces the use of optical systems (laser-based) for diagnosis and treatment of diseases and the study and manipulation of cells. Different physical and optical mechanisms studied in Biological Sciences 130A are explored with respect to molecular, cellular, organ, and organismic applications. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 130A or consent of instructor.
131 Topics in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of molecular biology and biochemistry. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
132 Muscles and Movement (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Structure and function of muscle, from molecular mechanisms of movement through mechanical power output, efficiency, and the effects of training on muscle size and performance. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in or completion of Biological Sciences 109.
133 Field Ecology (4) S. Designed to instruct and demonstrate to students the value and approaches of experimental field research using the hypothetico-deductive experimental approach. May be taken only as part of the White Mountain Research Supercourse. Corequisites: Biological Sciences 126, 170, 199. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
134 Plant Physiology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Plant hormones, growth and development, metabolism, mineral nutrition, and photosynthesis. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 15 or consent of instructor.
134X Writing/Plant Physiology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 134. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 134. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 134. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108, consent of instructor, and satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
136 Developmental Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Development of animal and plant cells, tissues, and organisms. Reproduction, growth, aging, differentiation, and pattern formation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108. Biological Sciences 136 and 148 may not both be taken for credit.
137 Genetics
137A Microbial Genetics (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and 98. Recommended: concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 99.
137B Eukaryotic and Human Genetics (4) F. Lecture, four hours. Structure and function of genes in eukaryotes with emphasis on special problems of genetic studies in humans. Molecular methods of genetic analysis and gene transfer are discussed. Practical applications and ethical and social issues raised by genetic studies are addressed. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97. Recommended: Biological Sciences 99.
138 Comparative Animal Physiology (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Maintenance aspects of physiology: water balance; feeding and digestion; metabolism; respiration and circulation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 109.
138X Writing/Comparative Animal Physiology (2) S. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 138. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 138. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 109 and consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
139 Topics in Developmental and Cell Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of developmental and cell biology. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108; limited to School of Biological Sciences majors with upper-division standing.May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
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