131 Topics in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of molecular biology and biochemistry. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
132 Muscles and Movement (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Structure and function of muscle, from molecular mechanisms of movement through mechanical power output, efficiency, and the effects of training on muscle size and performance. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in or completion of Biological Sciences 109.
133 Field Ecology (4) S. Designed to instruct and demonstrate to students the value and approaches of experimental field research using the hypothetico-deductive experimental approach. May be taken only as part of the White Mountain Research Supercourse. Corequisites: Biological Sciences 126, 170, 199. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
134 Plant Physiology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Plant hormones, growth and development, metabolism, mineral nutrition, and photosynthesis. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 15 or consent of instructor.
134X Writing/Plant Physiology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 134. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 134. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 134. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108, consent of instructor, and satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
135 Molecular Evolution (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to the study of evolutionary change in genes and DNA sequences. Combines study of molecular biology with the study of evolution. Molecular evolution has application to many disciplines, including molecular biology, virology, systematics, and the origin of life. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.
136 Developmental Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Development of animal and plant cells, tissues, and organisms. Reproduction, growth, aging, differentiation, and pattern formation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108. Biological Sciences 136 and 148 may not both be taken for credit.
137 Genetics
137A Microbial Genetics (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and 98. Recommended: concurrent enrollment in Biological Sciences 99.
137B Eukaryotic and Human Genetics (4) F. Lecture, four hours. Structure and function of genes in eukaryotes with emphasis on special problems of genetic studies in humans. Molecular methods of genetic analysis and gene transfer are discussed. Practical applications and ethical and social issues raised by genetic studies are addressed. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97. Recommended: Biological Sciences 99.
138 Comparative Animal Physiology (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Maintenance aspects of physiology: water balance; feeding and digestion; metabolism; respiration and circulation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 109.
138X Writing/Comparative Animal Physiology (2) S. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 138. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 138. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 109 and consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
139 Topics in Developmental and Cell Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of developmental and cell biology. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108; limited to School of Biological Sciences majors with upper-division standing.May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
140 Macromolecular Structure, Function, and Interaction (4) F. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Chemistry of macromolecules; emphasis on proteins. Physical and chemical properties of proteins, forces that maintain protein structure, relationship between structure and function, interactions of proteins with ligands and other macromolecules, and experimental methods to study structure, function, and interactions. Corequisite: Chemistry 130A or 131A. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98 and 99. Concurrent with Molecular Biology 240.
141 Cell Signaling in Development (4) S. Introduction to the general principles of cell signaling, with emphasis on its role in animal development. Topics include: hormone receptor interactions, G-protein linked signaling, enzyme linked cell surface receptors, growth factor signaling in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108.
141X Writing/Cell Signaling in Development (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 141. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 141. Satisfies the upper-division writing breadth requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 141. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97, 99, and 108; consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
142 Writing/Philosophy of Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Philosophy of biology, e.g., scientific method in biology, the structure of evolutionary theory, teleology, ethics, and evolution. Coursework includes one 4,000-word and four 1,000-word papers. Prerequisites: satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement; junior standing or consent of instructor; Philosophy 40 recommended as background. Same as Philosophy 142.
143 Human Parasitology (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Introduction to human-animal parasitic diseases including worm and protozoan infections. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor.
143X Writing/Human Parasitology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 143. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 143. Satisfies the upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 143. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 109 and consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
144 Cell Biology. Taught jointly by faculty from the Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Designed to present fundamental as well as advanced concepts in modern molecular cell biology.
144A Cell Organelles and Membranes (4) F. Lecture, three hours. Structure, function, and biogenesis of biological membranes and membrane-bound organelles; protein trafficking and transmembrane signalling. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108.
144B Cell Biology (4) W. Lecture, four hours. Plasma membrane and cytoskeletal-mediated events. Topics include: endocytosis, receptor-ligand interactions, the biochemical basis of growth control, cell structure and motility, and cell-cell, cell matrix interactions. The biochemistry and molecular aspects of these topics are emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108.
144C Plant Cell Biology (4) S. The biology of plant cells at a molecular level. Topics include molecular biology of plant organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, vacuoles); metabolism (photosynthesis, photorespiration); transposable elements; transformation and molecular responses to stress. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108 and 109.
144X Writing/Plant Molecular Biology (2) S. Adjunct to Biological Sciences 144C. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from material covered in Biological Sciences 144C. Satisfies upper-division writing requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 144C. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108 and consent of instructor; satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
145A Gene Expression and Its Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells (4) W of every odd year. Lecture, three hours. Molecular organization of eukaryotic genes and the molecular mechanisms which regulate their expression. Topics include developmentally regulated genes, tissue-specific gene expression, multigene families, oncogenes, gene transposition, and recombinant gene cloning. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.
146 Neural Mechanisms of Arousal and Attention (4) W. Lecture, three hours. A focus on brain mechanisms within thalamic and neocortical circuits that underlie changes in arousal and attention. Examines the integrated actions of cellular, synaptic, and other neural mechanisms identified in preparations ranging from isolated single neurons to behaving animals. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
147 Plant Molecular Biology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Presents the molecular mechanisms of plant growth and development. Topics considered include: the identification of genes regulating cell division, growth, and morphogenesis; control of gene expression by external and internal factors; plant transformation mechanisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108.
148 Vertebrate Embryology (4) S. Lecture, three hours; optional discussion, one hour. Introduction to animal developmental biology, with an emphasis on vertebrates. Topics include reproduction, early development, pattern formation, organogenesis, regeneration. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108. Biological Sciences 136 and 148 may not both be taken for credit.
148X Writing/Vertebrate Embryology (2) S. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 148. Satisfies the upper-division writing breadth requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 148. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108, consent of instructor, and satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
149 Development, Injury, and Repair of the Nervous System (4) F. Lecture, three hours. The formation of the nervous system including neurogenesis, trophic factors, cell death, and formation of nerve connections. Damage to the brain and spinal cord from injury and disease and experimental strategies for repair. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
150 Conservation Biology (3) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Considers conservation of animal and plant endangered species. Examines current trends in deforestation, environmental degradation, natural and induced extinctions, principles of preserve design and management, legislation, conservation genetics and ex situ methods of conservation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97.
151 Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Chromosomes (4) S. Lecture, three hours. Molecular organization of chromosomes, comparisons of active vs. inactive chromatin structure, current research in chromosome function and its regulation, with emphasis on techniques utilized to probe these problems. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 99.
151X Writing/Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Chromosomes (2). Adjunct to Biological Sciences 151. Individual instruction in writing about topics drawn from the material covered in Biological Sciences 151. Satisfies the upper-division writing breadth requirement with a grade of C or better. Corequisite: Biological Sciences 151. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99, consent of instructor, and satisfactory completion of the lower-division writing requirement.
152 Topics in Psychobiology (4) F, W, S. Lecture, three hours. Studies in selected areas of psychobiology. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 98 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
153 Chemistry and Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission (4) S of even years. Lecture and discussion, three hours. Introduction to chemistry and pharmacology of neural tissue with emphasis on the regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110 or consent of instructor.
154 Introduction to Molecular Neurobiology (4) S of even years. Seminar, three hours. Introduction to current research developments in molecular biology of the receptor, including receptor biosynthesis, gene cloning, and neural control of gene expression. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 and consent of instructor.
155 Seminar in Psychobiology (4) F. Seminar, three hours. Selected current research problems concerning neurobiology and behavior. Students prepare and present papers. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 80-81 or 110 and consent of instructor.
156 Neural Systems (4) W of even years. Lecture, three hours. How modern neuroscience integrates several types of disciplines such as anatomy, physiology, developmental biology, and behavioral biology to develop hypotheses about the operation of particular brain regions. Most useful to students who have had satellite courses or research experience in neurophysiology or neurochemistry. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
157 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (6) W. Lecture, three hours; laboratory, six hours. Structure and evolution of the major organ systems in vertebrates, from fish to mammals. Laboratory work includes detailed dissection of a shark and cat. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 108 or 109.
158 Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (4). Lecture and discussion, three hours. Basic issues concerning the nature of behavioral plasticity and information storage and their neural substrates. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 1C when topic is Brain and Behavior, or Biological Sciences 110, or consent of instructor. Same as Psychology 145B.
159 Animal Behavior (4) S. Lecture, three hours. A survey of the proximate and ultimate causations of species-typic behavior. The role of neural and endocrine control of behaviors is stressed. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110 or consent of instructor.
160 Language and the Brain (4). Lecture, three hours. Analysis of current research on the biological bases of human linguistic capacity. Development, focusing on hemispheric specialization and plasticity; localization of specific linguistic functions in adults, with emphasis on study of aphasias; relation of linguistic capacity to general cognitive capacity, considering research on retardation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 1C when topic is Brain and Behavior, or Biological Sciences 110, or consent of instructor. Same as Psychology 156B and Linguistics 158.
161 Cellular Neurobiology (4) S of even years. Lecture and discussion, three hours. Introduction to biophysics and biochemistry of nerve cells emphasizing membrane potentials, conduction and transmission, synaptic chemistry, and information processing. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
162 Neurogenetics (4). Lecture, three hours. Genetic basis of neurological development and disorders. Focuses on the methods used to identify novel, neurologically relevant genes and their analysis on a molecular level. Attention to understanding how genetic changes alter normal cellular functions and the subsequent impairment and clinical consequences. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
163 Psychoneuroendocrinology (4) F of even years. Lecture and discussion, three hours. Introduction to materials showing that hormones are involved in neural development and mature function and behavior and that behavior is involved in the control of hormonal secretions. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
164 Neuroanatomy (4) S of odd years. Lecture and discussion, three hours. Introduction to comparative neuroanatomy, emphasizing mammalian central nervous system. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
165 Theoretical Psychobiology (4) S of even years. Lecture, three hours. The origin, development, and current status of major ideas and theories concerning the neurobiological bases of behavioral adaptation. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 1C when topic is Brain and Behavior, or Biological Sciences 110.
167 Plant Population Biology (4) F of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Current topics in plant population biology are reviewed in an ecological and evolutionary context. Topics include aspects of population genetics, population ecology, evolutionary ecology, and applications to conservation biology. Discussions of current literature. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 97 and 100L.
168 Advanced Evolutionary Biology (4) F. Lecture, three hours. An examination of the major mechanisms of evolution. Topics include population and quantitative genetics theory, genetic basis of adaptation, the neutral theory of evolution, the evolution of sex, life-history evolution, coevolution, speciation, and mass extinctions. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97.
169 Topics in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2 to 4) F, W, S. Studies in selected areas of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 97 or consent of instructor. May be taken for credit three times as topics vary.
170 Applied Conservation Biology (4) S. Designed to introduce students to the complexities and realities of natural resource exploitation and preservation, emphasizing the trade-offs between economic benefits and ecosystem stability and sustainability. May be taken only as part of the White Mountain Research Supercourse. Corequisites: Biological Sciences 126, 133, 199. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
171 Neurobiology of Transmitter Receptors (4) W. Lecture and seminar, three hours. Introduction to the use of frog oocytes as a model system for studies in neurobiology. Transplantation of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-operated ion channels from the brain into oocytes. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 99 or 110 and consent of instructor.
172 Systematics and Evolution of Flowering Plants (5) S of even years. Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours; two required weekend field trips. Basic systematic concepts including computer analysis of phylogenies, introduction to major groups of flowering plants, analysis of evolutionary significance of characters used in systematic studies. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 94, 96, 97.
174 Behavioral Ecology (4) W. Lecture, three hours; discussion, two hours. Animal behavior as an evolutionary solution to problems encountered during an animal's life cycle. Includes a broad comparative approach to communication, social behavior, habitat selection, and food finding. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96 or consent of instructor.
175 Restoration Ecology (4) F. Lecture, two hours; field, two hours. Theoretical and practical aspects of habitat restoration and mitigation. Design, implementation, and monitoring of restoration projects in local habitats. Collection of seed and cuttings, planting and maintenance presented. Control of exotics in natural areas discussed. Environmental ethics of restoration emphasized. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E174.
176 Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites (4) S of odd years. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Ecology and evolution of host-parasite relationships. Ecological factors that influence the spread of disease, genetics of resistance and virulence, and significance of cellular parasites in genomic evolution. Emphasis on conceptual issues with examples from many different organisms. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 96 and 97.
177 Topics in Cortical Plasticity (4) S. Focuses on neural mechanisms that underlie cortical plasticity. These include neurophysiological, pharmacological, anatomical, and developmental mechanisms that act at the synaptic, cellular, and system (population of neurons) levels. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 110.
178 Ocean Ecology (4) W of even years. Examines the relationships between physical processes in the ocean, biological productivity, and the exploitation of ocean resources by high-trophic-level predators, including humans. Discusses open ocean ecosystems, intertidal and benthic regions of the world ocean. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96.
179 Limnology and Freshwater Biology (4) F of odd years. Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Biology of freshwater environments: lakes, ponds, rivers, their biota, and the factors which influence distribution of organisms. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96 or consent of instructor. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E173.
179L Limnology and Freshwater Biology Laboratory (4) W. Analytical techniques for common water-quality variables of lakes, streams, rivers. Benthic fauna, vertebrates and invertebrates, algae, and aquatic plants. Emphasis on field methods with an experimental approach; laboratory exercises. Weekend field trips to estuaries, marshes, lakes, and streams. Prerequisite: concurrent or previous enrollment in Biological Sciences 179. Same as Environmental Analysis and Design E173L.
180 Fractal Geometry in Biology (4) F. Lecture, two hours; discussion, one hour. Fractal geometry explored with tools and interests of the biologist. Provides a general background of fractal geometry and investigates the types of biological processes that generate fractals. Prerequisites: completion of the Biological Sciences Core, Physics 3A, and Mathematics 2B.
181 Conservation in the American West (4) W of odd years. Critical examination of contemporary conservation issues in the American west, with particular attention to water in California, grazing on public lands, and species decline and extinctions. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96.
182 Vision (4) W. Visual perception and the anatomy and physiology of the visual system. Topics include: the retina and the visual pathway; visual sensitivity; color vision; spatial vision; motion perception; and the development of the visual system. Prerequisite: Psychology 9A-B-C or consent of instructor. Same as Psychology 131A. Psychology 130A may not be taken for credit if taken after Biological Sciences 182.
183 The Comparative Physiology of Exercise (4) F of even years. Lecture, three hours. Focus upon critical topics in the area of exercise biology using the comparative physiological approach. Specifically examine the physiological factors that limit the capacity of an organism to sustain high levels of aerobic metabolism. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 98, 108, 109.
184 Entomology (4) F of even years. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Central features of the Insecta are reviewed in an evolutionary and ecological context. Topics include external and internal morphology, systematic relationships among the insect orders, insects in ecological communities, and the impact of agricultural and medical pests. Field trips. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96.
185 Plant-Animal Interactions (4) W of even years. Lecture, two hours; laboratory, four hours. Ecology and evolution of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals. Topics include pollinator behavior, plant reproductive systems, plant defense mechanisms, and herbivore diet choice. Field-oriented laboratory. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 96, 97.
186 Population and Community Ecology (4) W. Lecture, three hours. Population structure, function, development, and evolution. Topics include population structure, population growth and regulation, population dispersion patterns, life history strategies, predation, competition, mutualism, species diversity, succession, island biogeography, and co-evolution. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 96.
187 Advanced Developmental Genetics (4) W of odd years. Lecture, three hours. Advanced course on the use of genetic analysis to identify the genes that control cell behavior and development. Instructor-led discussion of genetics and the relationship between genotype and phenotype followed by student-led discussion based on assigned readings. Prerequisite: Biological Sciences 137B.
188 Introduction to Insect Physiology (4) W of even years. Lecture, three hours. Physiology of insects. Insect respiration, digestion, excretion, and neurobiology, including sensory systems and effectors. Prerequisites: Biological Sciences 108 and 109.
